Xanthine Oxidase

Description

An enzyme that is closely related to aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1). Both are metalloflavoproteins of about 300,000 daltons. They consist of two subunits of equal size and contain molybdenum, FAD, and iron (as Fe/S) in a ratio of 1:1:4 per subunit. These enzymes are widely distributed and catalyze a reaction in which the substrate is hydroxylated by an oxygen atom derived from water and electrons from the substrate are transferred to a variety of acceptors. These two enzymes have a broad overlapping substrate specificity including many purines, pyrimidines, and pteridines. However, xanthine, the best known substrate for xanthine oxidase, is not a substrate for aldehyde oxidase whereas the reverse is true for quaternary pyridinium compounds, such as N0 -methylnicotinamide. The role of oxygen as an electron acceptor with its production of hydrogen peroxide and the intermediate superoxide anion (both potential toxicants) may not be important in vivo since there is evidence that these enzymes are NAD-dependent dehydrogenases in vivo and become oxidases as a result of modification during purification. However, they are probably important in two types of detoxication. The first of these is the hydroxylation of exogenous aldehydes, purines, pyrimidines and other heterocyclic compounds, and the second involves the utilization of exogenous compounds as electron acceptors. Examples of the latter include the conversion of organic nitro compounds to hydroxyamino derivatives and the reduction of N-oxides to the free base.

Chemical properties

Light brown powder

The Uses of Xanthine Oxidase

Biochemical research

The Uses of Xanthine Oxidase

Xanthine Oxidase from bovine milk has been used:

• in the preparation of xanthine oxidase (XO) solution for 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO)-spin trapping assay
• in in?vitro XO assay for screening Vietnamese medicinal plants for XO inhibitory activity
• as a standard to determine XO activity
• as a standard to test the synergistic effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

The Uses of Xanthine Oxidase

This enzyme is useful for enzymatic determination of inorganic phosphorus, 5′-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase when coupled with Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP-301) and uricase (UAO-201, UAO-211).

Definition

An enzyme found in animal tissues that acts upon hypoxanthine, xanthine, aldehydes, reduced coenzyme I, etc., producing, respectively, xanthine, uric acid, acids, oxidized coenzyme I, etc.

General Description

Formerly E.C. 1.1.3.22

Biochem/physiol Actions

Hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid is catalyzed by xanthinebb oxidase (XO) enzyme.