Nepsilon-(Carboxymethyl)-L-lysine-2,6,6-d3

Description

N^ε-(1-Carboxymethyl)-L-lysine-d₃ (CML-d₃) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of CML by GC- or LC-MS. CML is an advanced glycation end product (AGE), produced by the oxidative modification of glycated proteins during oxidative stress.^1,2,3 Levels of CML increase with aging and during diabetes, cancer, vascular disease, and other pathologies marked by oxidative stress.^1,4,5 CML activates the membrane-bound receptor for AGEs (RAGE), triggering signaling through MAPKs and NF-κB, whereas truncation of RAGE produces a soluble protein that binds CML and reduces signaling.^6,7

References

1. Requena, J.R., Ahemd, M.U., Fountain, C.W., et al. Carboxymethylethanolamine, a biomarker of phospholipid modification during the maillard reaction in vivo J. Biol. Chem. 272(28),17473-17479(1997).
2. Ahmed, M.U., Brinkmann, F.E., Degenhardt, T.P., et al. Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine, a product of the chemical modification of proteins by methylglyoxal, increases with age in human lens proteins Biochem. J. 324(Pt 2),565-570(1997).
3. Schleicher, E.D., Wagner, E., and Nerlich, A.G. Increased accumulation of the glycoxidation product Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine in human tissues in diabetes and aging J. Clin. Invest. 99(3),457-468(1997).
4. Campbell, D.J., Somaratne, J.B., Jenkins, A.J., et al. Impact of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome on myocardial structure and microvasculature of men with coronary artery disease Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 10,1-14(2011).
5. Brouwers, O., de Vos-Houben, J.M.J., Niessen, P.M.G., et al. Mild oxidative damage in the diabetic rat heart is attenuated by glyoxalase-1 overexpression Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14(8),15724-15739(2013).
6. Schmidt, A.M., Yan, S.D., Yan, S.F., et al. The biology of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and its ligands Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1498(2-3),99-111(2000).
7. Moy, K.A., Jiao, L., Freedman, N.D., et al. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and risk of liver cancer Hepatology 57(6),2338-2345(2013).