Thionine

Description

Thrombin is the last enzyme in the clotting cascade functioning to cleave fibrinogen to fibrin and potentiates the procoagulation process by activating factors V, VIII, XI, and XIII. Conversely, thrombin aids the anticoagulant process by activating protein C. Activated protein C inhibits activated factors V and VIII ultimately down-regulating further thrombin production. Thrombin is often used as a potent platelet activator in vitro. Platelet responses to thrombin are mediated through protease-activated receptors (PARs). Thrombin-mediated signaling regulates a diverse range of metabolic processes including activation of phospholipases in platelets, endothelial cells, and cardiac myocytes.

Chemical properties

dark green to black powder or crystals

The Uses of Thionine

Thrombin is used for site specific cleavage of recombinant fusion proteins containing an accessible thrombin recognition site for removal of affinity tags. Thrombin has been used in a study to assess in vitro hemostatic properties of French lyophilized plasma.

The Uses of Thionine

Thionine Chloride is used in the preparation of carbon paste electrode with covalently immobilized thionine for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide

Definition

ChEBI: An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration f Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.

Preparation

The first thiazine dye, named after its dis coverer, was Lauth's Violet, which was obtained in 1876 by joint oxidation of 1,4-phenylenediamine and hydrogen sulfide with iron(III) chloride.

General Description

Thrombin is the final coagulation protease in regard to hemostasis, promoting both procoagulant and anticoagulant effects. Thrombin is also known as coagulation factor IIa. It is a serine endopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide and ester bonds specifically at the carboxylic side of arginine. This enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin.